Notebook
07
EngineeringValidated
Infrastructure Gaps
Current vs. required infrastructure across water, power, roads, and wastewater · NetworkX network analysis
0%
today → 100% by 2030
Piped water coverage
30–50%
today → 100% by 2028
Power coverage
18 km
today → 250 km by 2035
Paved roads
None
→ full sewerage Phase 2
Wastewater
Water Supply Gap
Now: Trucked water from 2 kiosks. USD 8–12/m³. Intermittent. 6–10 hrs/day in some areas.
Target: Piped SWRO water to every household. 24 hrs/day. USD 0.55/m³. 500k m³/day capacity by Phase 3.
Gap: Full piped distribution network required across all 7 zones. DN600 mains → DN200 service connections.
→ Engineering detail in NB12
Power Supply Gap
Now: Diesel generators, 30–50% coverage. Daily load-shedding. Average cost USD 0.35–0.45/kWh.
Target: 100% solar electricity. LCOE USD 0.025/kWh. BESS backup. 963 MW Phase 3.
Gap: 1,400 km of LV/MV distribution cabling. 18 primary substations. SCADA monitoring system.
→ Engineering detail in NB11
Road Network Gap
Now: 18 km paved streets. No storm drainage. High dust + erosion. Port access road deteriorated.
Target: 250 km paved by Phase 2. Port access expressway. Sheikh road upgraded to 60 km/h standard.
Gap: Surface: bituminous macadam on primary, interlocking block on secondary. All with kerbs and storm drainage.
→ Engineering detail in NB08
Wastewater & Solid Waste
Now: No sewerage network. Pit latrines. Coastal dumping. Open drainage. 180 t/day solid waste.
Target: Centralised WWTP Phase 2. Reuse of treated effluent for irrigation. Sanitary landfill and recycling.
Gap: 38 km of combined sewer in Phase 1. Decentralised biodigester units for density areas. Marine outfall.
→ Engineering detail in NB08
NetworkX Infrastructure Network Analysis
The networkx library models the water distribution network as a directed graph and the road network as an undirected graph. Maximum flow analysis confirms capacity; betweenness centrality identifies road bottlenecks.
Water Network — Key Results
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Network nodes | 11 (sources + pumps + reservoirs + zones) |
| Network edges | 12 (transmission + distribution mains) |
| Total demand (Phase 3) | 225,000 m³/day |
| SWRO supply | 500,000 m³/day |
| Max flow SWRO → Burco | 110,000 m³/day ✓ |
| Pipeline SWRO → Burco | 320 km |
| Nodes with alternative paths | PS-1, PS-2, Zone-B, Zone-D |
| Network connected? | Yes |
Road Network — Critical Bottlenecks
| Node | Betweenness | Status | Action |
|---|---|---|---|
| Berbera Junction | 0.52 | CRITICAL | Grade separation required |
| Sheikh node | 0.38 | Important | Capacity upgrade Phase 1 |
| Old Town junction | 0.31 | Important | Bypass route Phase 1 |
| Airport road | 0.18 | Normal | Resurfacing only |
| BEZ Gate | 0.15 | Normal | Access road Phase 1 |
Betweenness centrality 0–1; higher = more critical. Berbera Junction handles 52% of all flow paths.